Adapted from the IUCN Red List Categories (IUCN Species Survival Commission 2002).

The nature of threats varies considerably, but where possible assessors of threatened species are asked to use the following major categories of threat (more than one can be indicated), with additional notes if necessary:

Human-Induced Habitat Loss

• Habitat removal (replaced by arable agriculture)
• Habitat removal (replaced by forestry plantations)
• Habitat removal (replaced by human settlements, industry, roads, coastal development)
• Habitat removal (replaced by livestock farming)
• Habitat removal (replaced by waste-ground)
• Mining activities

Decline in Habitat Quality

• Erosion
• Grazing
• Groundwater extraction
• Loss of prey base
• Selective removal of non-woody vegetation
• Selective removal of wood (commercial logging)
• Selective removal of wood (firewood collection)
• Selective removal of wood (other, including charcoal collection)
• Shifting agriculture fire

Direct Use of Taxon in Question

• Bycatch
• Illegal commercial use
• Legal commercial use
• Subsistence/traditional use

Invasives

• Habitat changes cause of invasives
• Invasive competitors       
• Invasive hybridisers
• Invasive pathogens         
• Invasive predators

Intrinsic Factors

• High juvenile mortality
• Poor dispersal/pollination
• Poor regeneration/recruitment/reproduction

Other

• Climate change               
•  Increased predation              
• Disease           
• Volcanoes
• Intentional poisoning      
• Disturbance                           
• Pollution        
• Explosives
• Drought                           
• Storms                                    
• Floods            

Not known

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